腸組織消化手冊(cè)

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Worthington組織消化指南

引言

組織消化酶主要用于組織培養(yǎng)和細(xì)胞生物學(xué)研究的原代細(xì)胞的分離和收集。盡管這些消化酶已經(jīng)普遍應(yīng)用多年，但是對(duì)其組織消化和細(xì)胞收集的作用機(jī)制卻沒有全面的理解。由此導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果便是選擇一種消化方法大多是隨機(jī)選擇或基于過(guò)去的經(jīng)驗(yàn)，而不是在*理解消化原理的基礎(chǔ)上選擇的消化方案，以及如何根據(jù)具體實(shí)驗(yàn)?zāi)康男拚桨敢垣@得更好的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。

細(xì)胞分離程序的目的是zui大程度的獲得功能活性的單個(gè)細(xì)胞，而影響結(jié)果的原因有很多，包括（不限于）以下：

1、組織類型

2、物種來(lái)源

3、動(dòng)物年齡

4、遺傳改造情況（如knockouts）

5、所用的消化培養(yǎng)液

6、所用的酶

7、消化酶中的雜質(zhì)

8、所用消化酶的工作濃度

9、溫度

10、孵育時(shí)間

通常前四個(gè)原因沒辦法選擇，而剩下的原因一般由經(jīng)驗(yàn)決定以獲取zui適實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果。

通過(guò)查閱文獻(xiàn)來(lái)選擇*組織消化酶和zui適消化條件的研究人員通常被互相矛盾的實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)搞得一頭霧水。這些巨大差異來(lái)源于組織胞外基質(zhì)的復(fù)雜而動(dòng)態(tài)的特性，以及過(guò)去常用的粗制、未提純的組織分離酶。另外，組織胞外基質(zhì)由各種蛋白、糖蛋白、脂類和糖脂組成，這些成分的組成比例在不同物種、不同組織、甚至不同發(fā)育（年齡）之間存在明顯的差異，這些因素都極大的影響了消化方案的制定。目前通常使用的粗制酶，如鏈霉蛋白酶、NF1:250、以及含有幾種其他不同濃度蛋白酶的膠原酶、以及各種多糖酶、核酶和脂酶。

本指南總結(jié)了目前常用組織消化酶的zui適消化和細(xì)胞收集知識(shí)和方法，描述了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實(shí)驗(yàn)步驟，以便于制定一個(gè)*的細(xì)胞分離方案，同時(shí)列舉了一些相關(guān)的參考文獻(xiàn)。

下表列出多種組織的適宜消化酶（含參考文獻(xiàn)，以組織類型和物種分類，詳見鏈接）

脂肪組織	腎上腺組織	骨組織	腦組織
軟骨組織	結(jié)腸組織	內(nèi)皮組織	上皮組織
眼	心臟	腸	腎
肝	肺	淋巴結(jié)	乳腺
其它組織	其他組織	肌組織	神經(jīng)組織
胰腺	腮腺	垂體	前列腺
生殖	動(dòng)物鱗片	皮膚	脾臟
干細(xì)胞	胸腺	甲狀腺/甲狀旁腺	扁桃體
腫瘤

注：使用Worthington公司消化酶的文獻(xiàn)不限于上表鏈接中所列，一般而言，Worthington公司的組織消化酶可用于大多組織類型的消化。

腸組織消化手冊(cè)

物種	詳細(xì)來(lái)源	細(xì)胞名稱	消化用酶	培養(yǎng)基	參考文獻(xiàn)
犬	狗, 成年的	Intestinal L-cells	Collagenase Type 1: 75 u/ml	HBSS	Damholt AB, Buchan AM, Kofod H: Glucagon-like-peptide-1 secretion from canine L-cells is increased by glucose-dependent-insulinotropic peptide but unaffected by glucose,Endocrinology 139, 2085-91, 1998
人類	人類	Lamina propria lymphocytes	Collagenase: 20 u/ml	Medium	Ebert, Ellen.: CD2 Activation of Human Lamina Propria Lymphocytes Reduces CD3 Responsiveness., Immunology 117, 71-7, 2006
人類	人類	Lamina propria mononuclear cells	Collagenase: 0.02%	HBSS	Kanai Takanori, Totsuka Teruji, Uraushihara Koji, Makita Shin, Nakamura Tetsuya, Koganei Kazutaka, Fukushima Tsuneo, Akiba Hisaya, Yagita Hideo, Okumura Ko, Machida Utako, Iwai Hideyuki, Azuma Miyuki, Chen Lieping, Watanabe Mamoru: Blockade of B7-H1 suppresses the development of chronic intestinal inflammation, J Immunol 171, 4156-63, 2003
人類	人類	Intestinal epithelial	Collagenase Type 4: 72.5 u/ml	HBSS	Fahlgren, A., Hammarstrom, S., Danielsson, A. and Hammarstrom, M.: Increased Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides and Lysozyme in Colonic Epithelial Cells of Patients with Ulcerative Colitis., Clin Exp Immunol 131, 90, 2003
人類	人類	Mucosal mononuclear cells	Collagenase Type 3: 0.01%	RPMI	Stallmach A, Schaffer F, Hoffmann S, Weber S, Muller-Molaian I, Schneider T, Kohne G, Ecker KW, Feifel G, Zeitz M: Increased state of activation of CD4 positive T cells and elevated interferon gamma production in pouchitis, Gut 43, 499-505, 1998
			Deoxyribonuclease I: 0.01%
			Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor: 0.01%
小鼠	小鼠	Lamina propria mononuclear cells	Collagenase Type 3: 400 u/ml	HBSS	Seo, S., Kuffa, P., Kitamoto, S., Nagao-Kitamoto, H., Rousseau, J., Kim, Y., Nunez, G. and Kamada, N.: Intestinal Macrophages Arising from CCR2(+) Monocytes Control Pathogen Infection by Activating Innate Lymphoid Cells., Nat Commun 6, 8010, 2015
			Deoxyribonuclease I: 0.001%
小鼠	小鼠	Lymphocytes	Collagenase Type 1: 100 u/ml	RPMI-1640	Beura, L., Anderson, K., Schenkel, J., Locquiao, J., Fraser, K., Vezys, V., Pepper, M. and Masopust, D.: Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Persistence Promotes Effector-Like Memory Differentiation and Enhances Mucosal T cell Distribution., J Leukoc Biol 97, 217, 2015
小鼠	小鼠, P4	Enteric neural crest progenitors	Neutral Protease: 0.5%	DMEM/F12	Hotta, R., Stamp, L., Foong, J., McConnell, S., Bergner, A., Anderson, R., Enomoto, H., Newgreen, D., Obermayr, F., Furness, J. and Young, H.: Transplanted Progenitors Generate Functional Enteric Neurons in the Postnatal Colon., J Clin Invest 123, 1182, 2013
			Collagenase animal free: 0.05%
小鼠	小鼠	colon tumor organoids	Collagenase Type 4: 200 u/ml	DMEM	Xue, X. and Shah, Y.: In Vitro Organoid Culture of Primary Mouse Colon Tumors., J Vis Exp , e50210, 2013
			Neutral Protease: 0.01%
小鼠	小鼠	Intestinal organoids	Collagenase Type 1: 800 u/ml	DMEM	Barthel, E., Speer, A., Levin, D., Sala, F., Hou, X., Torashima, Y., Wigfall, C. and Grikscheit, T.: Tissue Engineering of the Intestine in a Murine Model., J Vis Exp 70, e4279, 2012
			Neutral Protease: 0.013%
小鼠	小鼠	Dendritic, macrophages	Collagenase: 0.15%	HBSS	Geem, D., Medina-Contreras, O., Kim, W., Huang, C. and Denning T.: Isolation and Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Macrophages from the Mouse Intestine., J Vis Exp 63, e4040, 2012
			Deoxyribonuclease I: 0.004%
小鼠	小鼠, 新生的及成年的	Myenteric plexus	Collagenase Type 4: 0.025-0.1%	HBSS	Joseph, N., He, S., Quintana, E., Kim, Y., Nunez, G. and Morrison, S.: Enteric Glia are Multipotent in Culture but Primarily Form Glia in the Adult Rodent Gut., J Clin Invest 121, 3398, 2011
			Papain: 10 u/ml
			Deoxyribonuclease I: 100 u/ml
小鼠	小鼠	Lamina propria lymphocytes	Collagenase Type 1: 0.3%	RPMI 1640	Ito, Y., Kanai, T., Totsuka, T., Okamoto, R., Tsuchiya, K., Nemoto, Y., Yoshioka, A., Tomita, T., Nagaishi, T., Sakamoto, N., Sakanishi, T., Okumura, K., Yagita, H. and Watanabe, M.:Blockade of NKG2D Signaling Prevents the Development of Murine CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Colitis., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 294, G199, 2008
			Deoxyribonuclease I: 0.01%
小鼠	小鼠	Intestinal mononuclear	Collagenase Type 4: 0.1%	RPMI 1640	Forbes, E., Groschwitz, K., Abonia, J.P., Brandt, E., Cohen, E., Blanchard, C., Ahrens, R., Seidu, L., McKenzie, A., Strait, R., Finkelman, F., Foster, P., Matthaei, K., Rothenberg, M. and Hogan, S.: IL-9- and Mast Cell-Mediated Intestinal Permeability Predisposes to Oral Antigen Hypersensitivity., J Exp Med 205, 897, 2008
小鼠	小鼠, 南非乳鼠	Enterochromaffin cells	Collagenase: 0.025%	HBSS	Kidd, M., Modlin, I., Eick, G. and Champaneria, M.: Isolation, Functional Characterization, and Transcriptome of Mastomys Ileal Enterochromaffin Cells., Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 291, G778-91, 2006
			Pronase E: 0.07%
小鼠	小鼠, 7 周	Interstitial cells	Collagenase: 0.04%	see reference	Goto Kazunori, Matsuoka Satoshi, Noma Akinori: Two types of spontaneous depolarizations in the interstitial cells freshly prepared from the murine small intestine, J Physiol 559, 411-22, 2004
			Trypsin: 0.02%
小鼠	小鼠, 9-13 天	Interstitial cells of Cajal	Collagenase Type 2: 0.13%	HBSS	Ordag Tamas, Redelman Doug, Miller Lisa J, Horvath Viktor J, Zhong Qiao, Almeida-Porada Graca, Zanjani Esmail D, Horowitz Burton, Sanders Kenton M: Purification of interstitial cells of Cajal by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 286, C448-56, 2004
小鼠	小鼠, 0-15 天	Interstitial cells of Cajal	Collagenase Type 2: 0.13%	Hanks	Lee Young Mee, Kim Byung Joo, Kim Hyun Jin, Yang Dong Ki, Zhu Mei Hong, Lee Kyu Pil, So Insuk, Kim Ki Whan: TRPC5 as a candidate for the nonselective cation channel activated by muscarinic stimulation in murine stomach, Am J Physiol/Gastro 284, G604-16, 2003
小鼠	小鼠	Lamina propria lymphocytes	Collagenase Type 4: 300 u/ml	PBS	Wu Y, Wang X, Csencsits KL, Haddad A, Walters N, Pascual DW: M cell-targeted DNA vaccination, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98, 9318-23, 2001
小鼠	小鼠, F14	Intestinal mesenchymal	Collagenase Type 2: 0.03%	HBSS	Sakagami Y, Inaguma Y, Sakakura T, Nishizuka Y: Intestine-like remodeling of adult mouse glandular stomach by implanting of fetal intestinal mesenchyme, Cancer Res 44, 5845-9, 1984
大鼠	大鼠, 出生后的, 成年的	Gut Neural Crest Stem Cells	Collagenase Type 4: 0.1%	HBSS	Kruger, G., Mosher, J., Bixby, S., Joseph, N., Iwashita, T. and Morrison, S.: Neural Crest Stem Cells Persist in the Adult Gut but Undergo Changes in Self-Renewal, Neuronal Subtype Potential, and Factor Responsiveness., Neuron 35, 657, 2002
			Trypsin: 0.025%
大鼠	SD大鼠,胚胎	Sciatic Nerve and Gut Neural Crest Stem Cells	Collagenase Type 4: 0.025%	HBSS	Bixby, S., Kruger, G., Mosher, J., Joseph, N. and Morrison, S.: Cell-Intrinsic Differences Between Stem Cells from Different Regions of the Peripheral Nervous System Regulate the Generation of Neural Diversity., Neuron 35, 643, 2002
			Trypsin: 0.005%
			Deoxyribonuclease I: 0.05%
大鼠	大鼠,雄性, 18-24 天	Intestinal epithelial	Collagenase Type 1: 0.1%	DMEM	Quaroni A, Wands J, Trelstad RL, Isselbacher KJ: Epithelioid cell cultures from rat small intestine. Characterization by morphologic and immunologic criteria, J Cell Biol 80, 248-65, 1979

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